Fandamental calculation

Enterprise Value

Market Capitalization can be used to determine how much a company worth at a point of time, or "how big" a company is. However, there is a more accurate measure of a company's value, which is the Enterprise value.

The calculation of Market Cap is quite straight forward,

Market Cap = Share Price x Total Outstanding Shares

Enterprise Value (EV) is also not hard to calculate,

EV = Market Cap + Debt + Minority Interest + Preferred Shares - Cash & cash equivalent

All the figures except market cap can be obtained from the balance sheet.

EV is a theoretical takeover price. It is widely considered as a more accurate representation of a company's value.

When company A wishes to takeover or acquire company B, it needs to:

• pay company B's ordinary shares holders (market capitalization)
• pay company B's total debt
• pay company B's minority interest shareholders
• pay company B's preferred shares holders

However, company A does not need to pay for company B's cash. It will pocket the cash.

After obtaining the EV, we can calculate a company's Enterprise Value Multiple (EVM), which is one of the investment valuation ratio like the more commonly used PE ratio.

EVM = EV / EBITDA

EBITDA = Earning Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation & Amortization

EVM roughly tells how long it would take for an acquisition to earn enough to pay off its cost, assuming that there is no change in its annual EBITDA.

If EVM is 10, then it will take 10 years. Thus, the lower the number the better it is.

EVM might be a better valuation ratio compared to PE ratio as it includes a company's earning, debt and cash into the valuation, while PE ratio is only about a company's earning.

Like any other financial ratios, it is best to compare with peers and historical data.

Gearing Ratio

Gearing is a measure of a company's leverage. The higher the leverage of a company, the more risky it is.

A company basically made up of 3 components, as stated in its balance sheet:

1. Assets (what the company own)

2. Liabilities (what the company owe to others)

3. Equity (investment by shareholders/owners)

To start a new company, we need to have initial investment from shareholders (equity). The company will then use the equity fund to buy assets and run its business. To support and grow the company, most of the time it will need to get loans (liabilities).

In a balance sheet, all 3 components must be balanced:

Assets = Equity + Liabilities

This means that a company can get fund/money by 2 ways:

1. From shareholders or owners (equity)

2. From creditors (liabilities)

The fund acquired through shareholders & creditors are kept in the company as assets. Thus, assets = equity + liabilities.

There are two types of liabilities:

- operational (payables): owed to business partners

- debt (borrowings): owed to banks/creditors

We can measure the degree of a company's leverage with  gearing ratios. Basically these ratios tell us how much the business activity is funded by shareholders fund vs creditors fund.

Debt Ratio = Total Liabilities / Total Assets

- a quick measure of a company's leverage

Debt to Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Shareholders Equity

- indicates the proportion of equity & debt the company is using to finance its assets

- creditors vs shareholders - who owns the company more?

Debt to Capital Ratio = Debt / Shareholder Equity + Debt

- indicates debt-financing vs equity financing

Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

- Current Assets: Cash & cash equivalent, inventories, receivables

  Current Liabilities: Current debt, payables

Interest Coverage Ratio = EBIT / Interest Expense

- measures ability to pay interest expenses of outstanding debt (better >1.5)

Cash Flow To Debt Ratio = Operating Cash Flow / Total Debt (borrowings)

- measures ability to cover total debt with yearly cash flow from operation

There is no "standard" value for the ratios above, as it is different between industries. Generally, if the debt/liabilities is the numerator, the lower the ratio the better it is. If the assets/earning is the numerator, the higher the ratio the better.